Our Traceability analysis covers the full “cradle-to-gate” supply chain, from the origin of the raw materials to the final manufacturing of the product. To provide a clear and detailed view, we break this supply chain down into four distinct levels, known as Tiers (from Tier 4 to Tier 1).
Tier 4: Raw material extraction
This is the very beginning of the supply chain. It includes the suppliers where raw materials are grown, harvested, and undergo initial processing.
- Examples: Cotton plantations, farms, and ginning facilities.
Tier 3: Material production
This stage covers the transformation of raw fibers into complete, unfinished materials. It includes both raw material processing and the creation of the final material.
- Examples: Spinning mills (raw material processing) and facilities like weavers, knitters, or tanneries (material production).
Tier 2: Finishing processes
Tier 2 encompasses all value-adding finishing processes. These treatments can be applied at different points in the supply chain:
- Material Finishing: This includes processes like dyeing, printing, or treating the fabric before it is cut and sewn.
- Article Finishing: This includes processes like garment washing or printing that are applied to the product after it has been assembled.
Tier 1: Final product manufacturing
This is the final assembly stage, where materials are cut, sewn, and constructed into the end product ready for shipping.
- Examples: Cut and sew factories and final assembly facilities.
A note on subcontracting risks in Tier 1
Tracing your Tier 1 suppliers is especially critical due to the common industry practice of unauthorized subcontracting. To meet tight deadlines or price pressures, manufacturers may outsource parts of an order to other factories that are not part of the formal supply chain.
Because these facilities may avoid social compliance audits or government inspections, there is often little oversight, leading to a high risk of human rights violations. Full transparency at Tier 1 is the first and most critical step to managing and mitigating these risks.